The Notion Of Sameness

The Notion Of SamenessGive an design for the championship that rational states be distinct from natural states. Explain the theory of sameness and explain why the argument is valid. Then explain a disprover an identity theorist could use to object to the argument.Distinct Mental visible StatesThe root of the human fountainhead has always been an important and difficult thought to describe in terms of a definition or machinate of conditions. The thoughts, beliefs, or desires seem to have a clear distinction from the clear elements of an actual human straits. So distinct, that perhaps they should be considered two basically different things. Utilizing a Dualism approach, it should logical to assume that discern that there be difference elements s indoors the human body mind The concrete elements of the top dog mickle be labeled as personal things/states in this grounds, and the thoughts, beliefs, desires, pain, or new(prenominal) nonphysical things as soul or kind states. Utilizing the notion of sameness (also referred to as Leibnizs law), this argument that physical and psychological states argon in fact distinct can be made valid. On the other hand, this issue of distinct separation versus identical substances is debatable as identity theorists that object may reserve a re just nowtal to this argument.The apprehension of dualism begins with the idea that in the universe, there exist physical and nonphysical/ psychological substances or things. At first glance, it seems fairly obvious that physical properties do not sh are the same features as mental properties. For example, mental properties of the mind such as thoughts and beliefs dont contain physical properties like weight, color, or shape. In addition, experiments have demonstrated that when a part of the brain is touched is electrocuted it can cause mental sensations to occur, such as recalling a memory. Therefore this furthers the dualist argument that physical state of the b rain and mental state of the mind are loosely connected and not identical.The notion of sameness (also referred to as Leibnizs law) provides the essence by which a object or person can be justifiably, recognized as that certain object or person. There is a distinction that in this case, the notion of sameness is not numerical in the reek of same size, brand, or made of the same material, and that it must(prenominal) be qualitative with no degrees of sameness and that one thing must or must not be the same as another thing. some other way to explain this notion is that if A equals B, indeed A must share all and exactly the same properties as B. In other words, if A is truly the same as B, then what is true of A must also be true of B.Using this notion of sameness, the idea of a physical brain state and a mental or nonphysical state can be compared. For example, if John believes that he is in Davis, California can be determined to be true or false in obvious ways. However, his br ain state of this believe cannot be analyzed and shown to be true or false. With these two premises The mental state having the property of being true or false and the brain state not having this property, it can be concluded that mental states are not equal to or the same as brain/physical state and thus, the argument for dualism becomes valid.However, identity theorists disagree with the above statements and may provide a rebuttal to such arguments written above on the infrastructure of different concepts underlying physical states. An identity theorist may deal that physical states contain 2 concepts A pseudo-neurological concept that contains the physical elements of the brain such as neurons firing, chemical hormones within the brain and a mental state concept that contains the perceived as non-physical things such as pain, sadness, and hunger. To simply, speak out that Lois Lane is trying to establish the fact that Clark Kent is not window pane. She would make a list of pr operties that coincide with a Superman concept and a Clark Kent concept. She would then pick out a property from each list and perhaps stating that Superman can disappear and Clark Kent cant fly. In reality, the viewer understands that Superman and Clark Kent are the same person but believes Lois Lane to also be rational when introducing him as 2 separate concepts. This should be compared to the opposite case where an irrational statement would be to say that Superman can cannot fly because although he Clark Kent and Superman are the same person, it does not make sense to mix different concepts together. Through this type of argument, the identity theorist makes the take in that the physical and mental states should be treated as separate but simply as different concepts under a unifying and individual(a) physical state.As described by monist Keith Maslim, the dualist belief is that physical occurrences do not just appear to be different from consciousness they are utterly diff erent, so utterly different in fact, that it is inconceivable how the physical could produce the mental and therefore a distinct separation between mental and physical states. At first, the notion of sameness seems to provide hold a clear distinction of the mental and physical states, but this notion is quickly refuted with the identity theorist argument that multiple concepts coexist within the unitary physical state. Again, this mind-body discussion is left with more room for debate, sort of than a clear-cut answer that may never be fully properly grounded and supported.